Baidu World Technology Conference (Press Release).

Baidu, Inc. (/ ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo; Chinese: 百度; pinyin: Bǎidù; lit. ‘hundred times’) is a Chinese international innovation business focusing on Internet services and expert system. It holds a dominant position in China’s search engine market (via Baidu Search), and offers a wide array of other web services such as Baidu App (Baidu’s flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a keyword-based discussion forum).

Besides its core internet search service, Baidu has actually diversified into a number of high-growth areas. The business is a leading player in self-governing driving (Baidu Apollo), [3] and wise consumer electronic devices (Xiaodu). [4] With over a decade of investment in artificial intelligence, Baidu is among the couple of tech business worldwide to offer a full-stack AI stack, consisting of software, chips, cloud facilities, structure designs, and applications. [5]

The holding business of the group is integrated in the Cayman Islands. [2] Baidu was included in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier online search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996, before he established Baidu in 2000. [6] The business is headquartered in Beijing’s Haidian District. [7]

In December 2007, Baidu ended up being the first Chinese business to be consisted of in the NASDAQ-100 index. [8] Since May 2018, Baidu’s market cap rose to US$ 99 billion. [9] [10] [11] In October 2018, Baidu became the first Chinese firm to sign up with the United States-based computer ethics consortium Partnership on AI. [12] During the 2020s, Baidu has actually significantly focused on generative AI related items. [13]

The Chinese government views Baidu as one of its national champion corporations. [14]:156 -157

Early development

In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, Chinese: 李彦宏) joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey department of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped establish software for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. [15] He likewise dealt with developing much better algorithms for search engines and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.

In 1996, while at IDD, Li established the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking [6] [16] [17] and got a United States patent for the innovation. [18] Launched in 1996, [6] RankDex was the very first search engine that used hyperlinks to measure the quality of websites it was indexing. [19] Li referred to his search system as “link analysis,” which included ranking the appeal of a web site based upon how numerous other sites had linked to it. [20] It preceded the comparable PageRank algorithm utilized by Google two years later in 1998; [21] Google founder Larry Page referenced Li’s work as a citation in some of his U.S. patents for PageRank. [6] [21] [22] Li later on utilized his RankDex innovation for the Baidu online search engine.

Baidu was included on 18 January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. [7] In 2001, Baidu enabled marketers to bid for ad space then pay Baidu each time a client clicked on an ad, preceding Google’s method to advertising. [20] In 2003, Baidu introduced a news search engine and photo online search engine, adopting a special identification innovation capable of identifying and grouping the short articles. [23]

2005: Public Listing on NASDAQ

Baidu went public on Wall Street through a variable interest entity (VIE) based in the Cayman Islands on 5 August 2005. [24]

In 2007, Chinese government and Chinese industry sources stated that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which enables the online search engine to become a full-fledged news site. Thus Baidu is able to supply its own reports, besides showing certain outcomes as a search engine. Baidu was the very first Chinese search engine to receive such a license. [25]

Baidu started its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the business’s first regular service outside of China in 2008. [26] The Japanese search engine closed on 16 March 2015. [27]

On 31 July 2012, Baidu revealed that it would partner with Sina to offer mobile search engine result. [28]

On 18 November 2012, Baidu revealed that it would be partnering with Qualcomm to use complimentary cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. [29]

On 2 August 2013, Baidu released its Personal Assistant app, developed to help CEOs, managers and the white-collar workers handle their business relationships. [30]

On 16 May 2014, Baidu appointed Dr. Andrew Ng as primary researcher. Dr. Ng will lead Baidu Research in Silicon Valley and Beijing. [31]

On 18 July 2014, the business introduced a Brazilian variation of the search engine, Baidu Busca. [32]

On 9 October 2014, Baidu revealed acquisition of Brazilian local e-commerce site Peixe Urbano. [33]

2017: Launch of Autonomous Driving Business

In April 2017, Baidu announced the launch of its Apollo task (Apolong), a self-driving lorry platform, in a quote to assist drive the development of self-governing cars and trucks consisting of automobile platform, hardware platform, open-source software application platform and cloud data services. [34] Baidu prepares to launch this job in July 2017, before gradually introducing fully self-governing driving abilities on highways and open city roadways by 2020. [35] In September 2017, Baidu released a $1.5 billion self-governing driving fund to buy as numerous as 100 autonomous driving projects over the taking place three years. [36] At the very same time, Apollo open-source software version 1.5 was likewise released. [37]

In June 2017, Baidu partnered with Continental and Bosch, automobile market providers, on automated driving and linked cars. [38]

In July 2017, Baidu GBU entered into a collaboration with Snap Inc. to act as the company’s official ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore. [39] The partnership was extended in 2019. [40]

In September 2017, Baidu rolled out a brand-new portable talking translator that can listen and speak in several different languages. Smaller than a typical smart device, the 140-gram translation device can also be used as a portable Wi-Fi router and has the ability to run on networks in 80 countries. It is still under development. Baidu will likewise be inserting synthetic intelligence (AI) technology into smart devices, through its deep learning platform. [41] [42] At the same period, it has actually also led a joint financial investment of US$ 12billion with Alibaba Group, Tencent, JD.com and Didi Chuxing, acquiring 35% of China Unicom’s stakes. [43] [44] [45]

In October 2017, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baidu would release self-driving buses in China in 2018. [46] [47] In the very same month, Baidu revealed that its very first yearly Baidu World technology conference (Bring AI to Life) would be held and live-streamed on 16 November 2017, at China World Summit Wing and Kerry Hotel, combining Baidu executives, workers, partners, developers, and media to go over the business’s objective and technique, technology developments, new product developments, and its open artificial-intelligence (AI) community. [48]

China’s government designated Baidu as one of its “AI champions” in 2018. [49]:281

In 2018, Baidu divested the “Global DU company” part of its abroad business, which established a series of utility apps including ES File Explorer, DU Caller, Mobojoy, Photo Wonder and DU Recorder, and so on. [50] This organization now runs individually of Baidu under the name DO Global. [51]

2021: Hong Kong Secondary Listing

In March 2021, Baidu secured a secondary listing on the Hong Kong Stock market, raising $3.1 billion. This marked the biggest homecoming for a U.S.-traded Chinese company in Hong Kong given that JD.com’s noting the previous June.

In August 2021 Baidu revealed a new Robocar idea stated to be efficient in Level 5 self-governing driving. [52] It likewise comes with the current second-generation AI chip that can evaluate the internal and external surroundings to supply predictive recommendations to proactively serve the requirements of passengers.

In June 2022, Jidu Auto, a smart electrical vehicle company originally backed by Baidu and Geely unveiled its very first principle ROBO-01 in the kind of a pre-production vehicle. The ROBO-01 rides on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, a modular electrical lorry platform established by Geely Holding. [53]

In August 2023, Baidu unveiled its ChatGPT-equivalent language design Ernie Bot openly. [54] In October 2023, Baidu launched a newer variation Ernie 4.0 chatbot. [55]

As of April 2024, Apollo Go, Baidu’s self-governing ride-hailing service, had completed six million trips utilizing driverless robotaxis across 11 cities. The service runs a fleet of over 400 driverless automobiles in Wuhan. [56]

Domain redirection attack

On 12 January 2010, Baidu.com’s DNS records in the United States were transformed such that browsers to baidu.com were rerouted to a website professing to be the Iranian Cyber Army, believed to be behind the attack on Twitter throughout the 2009 Iranian election protests, making the appropriate website unusable for four hours. [57] Internet users were fulfilled with a page stating “This website has been assaulted by Iranian Cyber Army”. [58] Chinese hackers later reacted by attacking Iranian websites and leaving messages. [59] Baidu later on released legal action versus Register.com for gross carelessness after it was revealed that Register.com’s technical assistance staff changed the email address for Baidu.com on the request of an unnamed individual, despite stopping working security confirmation procedures. Once the address had actually been altered, the individual was able to utilize the forgotten password feature to have Baidu’s domain passwords sent out straight to them, enabling them to achieve the domain hijacking. [60] [61] The lawsuit was settled out of court under concealed terms after Register.com provided an apology. [62]

Baidu workers jailed

On 6 August 2012, the BBC reported that 3 workers of Baidu were apprehended on suspicion that they accepted kickbacks. The kickbacks were presumably paid for deleting posts from the online forum service. Four individuals were fired in connection with these arrests. [63]

91 Wireless acquisition

On 16 July 2013, Baidu announced its intention to acquire 91 Wireless from NetDragon. 91 Wireless is best known for its app store, but it has been reported that the app shop deals with personal privacy and other legal issues. [64] On 14 August 2013, Baidu revealed that its completely owned subsidiary Baidu (Hong Kong) Limited has signed a definitive merger agreement to get 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from NetDragon Web-soft Inc. [65] for$1.85 billion in what was reported to be the biggest deal ever in China’s IT sector. [66]

Name

The name Baidu (百度) literally suggests “a hundred times”, or alternatively, “many times”. It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji’s (辛弃疾) classical poem “Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival” (青玉案 · 元夕) saying: “Having searched hundreds of times in the crowd, unexpectedly turning back, she exists in the dimmest candlelight.” (众里寻他千百度, 蓦然回首, 那人却在灯火阑珊处 。) [67] [68]

Services

Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), travel-booking service controlled by Baidu. As of 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its going public that year. [69] It is listed at NASDAQ. [70]
Advertisements

Baidu’s primary advertising product is called Baidu Tuiguang and is comparable to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click marketing platform that permits advertisers to have their advertisements displayed in Baidu search engine result pages and on other sites that belong to Baidu Union. However, Baidu’s search outcomes are also based upon payments by marketers. This has actually triggered criticism and uncertainty amongst Chinese users, with People’s Daily commenting in 2018 on concerns concerning dependability of Baidu outcomes. Often as numerous as the very first 2 pages of search engine result tend to be paid marketers. [71]

Baidu sells its advertising items by means of a network of resellers. [72] Baidu’s web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it challenging for non-Chinese speakers to utilize. In 2012, a third-party business established a tool with a user interface in English for advertising on Baidu. [73] [74] Advertisers on Baidu need to have a signed up service address either in China or in defined East Asian countries. [75]

Competition

Baidu [76] takes on Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft’s Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase’s Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba’s Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.

Baidu is the most pre-owned search engine in China, managing 76.05 percent of China’s market share. The number of Internet users in China had actually reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com. [77]

In an August 2010 Wall Street Journal article, [78] Baidu soft-pedaled its advantage from Google’s having actually moved its China search service to Hong Kong, but Baidu’s share of earnings in China’s search-advertising market grew 6 percentage points in the second quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research firm Analysys International.

It is also apparent that Baidu is attempting to enter the Internet social media market. Since 2011 [upgrade], it is talking about the possibility of working with Facebook, which would cause a Chinese version of the worldwide social media network, managed by Baidu. [79] This strategy, if performed, would face off Baidu with competition from the three popular Chinese social networks Qzone, Renren [80] and Kaixin001 [81] along with cause competition with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ. [82]

On 22 February 2012, Hudong sent a grievance to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce requesting a review of the habits of Baidu, implicating it of being monopolistic. [83]

By August 2014, Baidu’s search market share in China dropped to 56.3%, where Qihoo 360, its closest rival who has rebranded its online search engine as so.com, has actually increased its market share to 29.0%, according to report from CNZZ.com. [84]

In February 2015, Baidu was declared to have used anticompetitive techniques in Brazil versus the Brazilian online security company PSafe and Qihoo 360 (the biggest financier of PSafe). [85] [86]

In an ongoing competitors in AI natural language processing called General Language Understanding Evaluation, otherwise called GLUE, Baidu took a lead over Microsoft and Google in December 2019. [87]

Research and patents

Baidu has begun to purchase deep learning research and is incorporating brand-new deep knowing technology into a few of its apps and products, including Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu’s ad-bidding platform. [88]

In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live made an application for a patent for its “DNA copyright recognition” innovation. This technology immediately scans files that are uploaded by Internet users, and acknowledges and removes content that may breach copyright law. This permits Baidu to provide an infringement-free platform. [89] [90]

In April 2022, Baidu announced they acquired authorizations from China to offer the very first driverless taxis. The business aim to provide driverless ride-hailing services to the general public and have 10 autonomous cars and trucks set to start providing trips to passengers within a 23-square-mile area in rural begin beginning 28 April 2022. [91]

In July 2022, Baidu unveiled the Apollo RT6, a driverless lorry that is prepared to sign up with Baidu’s driverless fleet in 2023. [92]

According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and limiting online censor in the search arena. Documents dripped in April 2009 from a staff member in Baidu’s internal tracking and censorship department reveal a long list of blocked websites and censored topics on Baidu search. [93]

In May 2011, activists took legal action against Baidu in the United States for breaching the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it carries out in accord with the demand of the Chinese federal government. [94] A U.S. judge has actually ruled [95] that the Chinese search engine Baidu can block works from its query results under freedom of speech rights, dismissing a lawsuit that looked for to penalize the business. [96] [97]

In 2017, Baidu started collaborating with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security in addition to 372 Internet authorities departments to find details associated to “anti-government reports” and then flooding “Baidu-linked web websites, news websites and gadgets with alerts eliminating false information.” [98] This was done utilizing natural language processing, huge information and expert system. [98]

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese regulators advised Baidu, in addition to other Internet companies, to “carry out unique supervision” on news and information related to the disease. [99]

In November 2022, Sustainalytics reduced Baidu to “non-compliant” with the United Nations Global Compact concepts due to complicity with censorship. [100]

Controversies

Death of Wei Zexi

In 2016, Baidu’s P4P search engine result apparently added to the death of a trainee who tried a speculative cancer therapy he discovered online. The 21-year-old university student was named Wèi Zéxī (魏则西), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was detected with synovial sarcoma, an unusual kind of cancer. He discovered the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (武警北京市总队第二医院) through the online search engine Baidu, on which the health center had been promoting itself. [101] The treatment showed not successful and Wèi passed away in April 2016. [101]

After Wei’s household spent around 200,000 yuan (around US$ 31,150) for treatment in the medical facility, Wei Zexi passed away on 12 April 2016. The event triggered enormous online conversations after Wei’s death. [102] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the top watchdog for China’s Internet area, dispatched a team of private investigators to Baidu. [103] The case is still continuous. One report declared medical marketing offsets 30% of Baidu’s ad earnings, much of which originates from for-profit health centers that come from the “Putian Network”, a collection of healthcare facilities throughout the nation established by medical business owners related to the Putian area of Fujian province. [104] The examination led Chinese regulators to enforce a number of limitations on Baidu, including including disclaimers to advertising material and developing channels for complaints about Baidu services. [105] In addition, Baidu’s search function now mostly directs users to contents published on platforms under Baidu’s control, leading Chinese media scholar Fang Kecheng to announce that “Search engine Baidu is dead”. [106]

Commercialization of Tieba

Baidu offered the hemophilia online community, among the neighborhoods of Tieba, to unqualified health centers. In January 2016, Baidu revealed that it will stop offering all of its illness-related Tieba. [107] On 12 January, Baidu officially revealed to the public that all Baidu Tieba for all types of illness will totally stop industrial cooperation and will just be open to authoritative public well-being companies. In response to Baidu’s choice, Lin Jinlong, president of the Hunan Medical and Health Industry Association, said that private health centers have gone into a duration of market improvement and upgrading, and are neither dependent on publishing bar advertisements nor counting on competitive rankings any longer, so Baidu’s decision will not have an unfavorable influence on the market. [108]

DO Global subsidiary ad-fraud in downloaded apps

On 20 April 2019, it was reported that several applications for Android gadgets developed by the subsidiary business, DO Global (previously DU Group), were surreptitiously running revenue enhancing background programs on user devices because a minimum of 2016. [109] These programs, part of six recognized applications developed by the company, and downloaded hundreds of millions times, were clicking web ads – even when the devices were idle, and unbeknownst to end users, to increase earnings created by “clicks”. [109] Just one of the apps, all of which were readily available on Google Play Store, had actually been downloaded 50 million times alone and brought a user score of 4.5 stars by tens of thousands. [109]

Google banned DO Global and more than 100 of its apps from the Google Play Store on 26 April 2019. [110] [111] DO Global was likewise banned from Google’s AdMob Network. [110] Apps from another designer, ES Global, including the ES File Explorer, that were owned by DO Global were banned from the Play Store and the account was suspended. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]

Block in India

In August 2020, following the 2020 China-India skirmishes, Baidu was among numerous Chinese sites that were prohibited or blocked in India for national security factors. [119]

2024 head of interactions controversy

In May 2024, Baidu’s previous vice president and head of communications Qu Jing [zh] (Chinese: 璩静) stimulated significant reactions across the Chinese social media for endorsing hazardous work environment culture, where, according to a Douyin video, she has asked a coworker to be on a 50-day company journey throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. [120] The report has actually excited further discussions amongst Chinese netizens regarding Baidu’s corporate governance and internal culture. Qu freely asked forgiveness after the occurrence and has actually supposedly lost her job. Baidu’s stock cost fell 2.17% in Hong Kong following the incident. [121] [122]

Panguso.
Tencent.
Sogou.
Alibaba.
Google.
Intellectual residential or commercial property in individuals’s Republic of China.
Software market in China.
Comparison of web online search engine.
List of search engines.
List of online search engine by appeal.

China.

Companies.

Internet.

Technology.

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Further reading

– Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). “NEWSMAKER-Baidu founder rules China’s Web with pragmatism”. Reuters.
– Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). “Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices”.
– Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). “Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia smart devices”.